Heart

The heart is the size of a fist. The outer most layer is the fibrous layer, then there is a parental layer. The parental layer processes water, lubricating fluid, and percordial fluid. The inner most visceral layer is thin and delicate. There are three layers of the heart are endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. The endocardium consists of simple squamous epi. The myocardium is the cardiac muscle. Finally the epicardium is areolar connective tissue.
The SA node is the pacer maker cells it is located on the back of the heart. The AV node is on the front of the heart. Sodium Ions cause electrical chargers that open up the calcium ions that cause the heart muscles to contract. The purkinje fibers is where the electricity goes.
The P wave represents depolarization in the right and left atrium muscle cells. QRS represents depolarization of the ventricles. The T wave is the re polarization of the ventricles.

Blood

There are four different blood types, A, B, AB, and O. Type A has A antigens, that are lollslipop shaped antigens all over it. These antigens produce B antibodies. Type B's antigens are cone shaped and produce A antibodies. Blood type AB has both shaped antigens, and does not produce any antibodies. Type O blood does not have any antigens and produces both A and B antibodies. The RH factor has a spring shaped figures on them and can be traced back to the Rhesus Monkey. A RH factor is an antigen.
If a women has a negative RH factor and she has a kid that has a positive RH factor or has a blood transfusion that has a postitive RH factor, then the mother's body will build up antibodies against the positive RH factor. The women must have a shot within the first ten days of being exposed the the postive RH factor blood. If she does not get a shot within the first ten days then she will build up antibodies against the positive RH factor that she will never get rid of. If she does not get the shot and decides to have another kid, if the kid has a positive RH factor, then the mother's antibodies will attack the baby's hemoglobin and suffocate the baby causing a miscarriage or a mental disability.

Male and Female Hormones

Both sexes have testosterone and estrogen, however men and women have more of one than the other.Men have a hormone known as testosterone and women have a hormone known as estrogen. Both sexes are impacted differently by the hormones in there body. Testosterone is a sex hormone that is secreted by the testicles of men and is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. Testosterone stimulates the development of male sex organs, sperm, and finally secondary sexual traits. Testosterone helps in the growth of muscle mass, strength, the increase in bone density, and the stimulation of linear growth and bone maturation. After puberty testosterone triggers the growth of hair and deepening of the voice. Estrogen is the hormone that is in the ovaries of females. Estrogen is a group of steroid compounds. Estrogen helps the development of the female secondary sex characteristics such as breasts. It also helps regulate the menstrual cycle. Estrogen is in oral contraceptives.
These hormones are in everyone, but testosterone is known as the male hormone and estrogen is known as the female hormone. These hormones affect the your body everyday and everyone needs to have a certain amount in their system. Once an individual hits puberty their amount of each hormone rises.

Anterior Pituitary

The Pituitary gland is a small cherry-shaped structure and is attached to the base of the brain. The anterior pituitary is divided into three parts distal part, tubular part, and intermediate part. The distal part is the majority of the pituitary. The tubular part is a sheath that extends from the distal part to the pituitary stalk. The intermediate part sits between the bulk of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary and is often very small in humans. The pituitary controls the secretion of certain hormones. The hormone that are controlled by the anterior pituitary are human growth hormone (hGH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL), and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH). HGH is secreted by Somatotrophs, the releasing Hormone is the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and HGH is inhibited by the growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH). TSH is secreted by thyrotroph, the releasing hormone is the Throtropin releasing hormone (TRH) and the inhibiting hormone is (GHIH). The FSH, and LH are all secreted by Gonadotrophs and the releasing hormone is the Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). The PRL is screted by Lactotrophs, the releasing hormone is the prolactin releasing hormone (PRH), and the inhibiting hormone is the prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH). The ACTH is secreted by Corticotrophs and the releasing hormone is the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH).

The Eyeball

There are three layers of the eyeball. The three layers are the sclera, the choroid, and the retina. The layers can also be called tunics, but if they are called tunics they are known as the fibrous, the pigmented, and the visual. The fibrous, sclera, choroid and the pigmented are vascular; and the retina and visual are not vascular. The white part of the eye is known as the sclera. Calogen gives the sclera the white color.
The autonomic nervous system regulates the pupil's diameter. The parasympathetic nerve impulse causes the circular muscles to contract which allows less light to enter the eye. The sympathetic nerve impulse causes the muscles to dilate, allowing more light in.
The cornea has no blood vessels. The lens are made up of protein.The fovea is the focus point in the eye. Since the lens are concave as well as the cornea, the ligaments attached to the lens tighten in order to make the lens flat and loosen in order to allow the lens to be more concave. This ability helps make the object you are seeing clear.

Nerves

There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. Cranial nerves eight and twelve are only carry afferent impulses.Olfactory nerves relay information from high in the nasal cavity. When the brain is removed the olfactory lobe on the brain gets ripped off. The olfactory foramina is where the nerves go through cranial nerve I. The ganglion is a collection of cell bodies outside the central nervous system. A cell body found inside the central nervous system is a nucleus cell. Cervical three, four, and five stimulates the breathing, they go through thoracic diagram to keep your negative and positive pressure.The median nerve controls your thumb and if it is severed you will never be able to use it again.The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body it controls the back muscles of the legs.
The muscles of the eyeball stimulate the oculomotor nerves, trochlear nerves, and abducens. The trochlear nerve is the central nerve number four. The central nerve VI is the abducens it is a motor nerve, sends efferent impulses. The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique. The ascending oblique attaches and connects to the lateral rectus. Nerve three, four, and six all pass through the superior orbital fissure. There are two parts to the autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. The parasympathetic nerves system stimulates the muscles of the eyeball that cause the eyeball to constrict. The sympathetic nerves system stimalates the muscles of the eye to dilate.

The Circle of Willis and Cranial Nerves

The Circle of Willis is a ring of arteries at the base of the brain. The Circle of Willis contains five aortic archs, there is the posterior communicating, posterior cerebral,middle cerebal, anterior cerebral, and anterior communicating. It is the brains major blood flow and has two main arteries. The Circle of Willis has a backup artery in case one artery gets clogged and the other one will flow.
There are twelve pairs of Cranial Nerves. The twelve pairs are known as Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens, Trigeminal, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal, and Hypoglossal. Three of the pairs of nerves are consider sensory: Olfactory, Optic, and Vestibulocochlear. The rest of the nerves are considered mixed. The mixed nerves have a sensory portion and motor portion, these mixed nerves have the sensory and motor part mixed together.