Inflamation and Swelling

Histamine and prostaglandins are the most common causes of vasodilation. Every cell in your body except the red blood cells produce MHC class one proteins. MHC class two proteins are produced by phagocytes. C3A and C3B are major inducers of histamine release, it keeps white blood cells moving through periphery. The release of a chemical causes vasodilation of the blood vessels, which increases blood flow to the injured area. The increased blood flow causes swelling and increased pressure on the nerve endings which causes pain.

Lymph Nodes

A lymph node is an organ made up of many types of cells. The lymph node is also part of the lymphatic system and are found throughout the body acting as filters to keep things that do not belong in the body out. The lymph nodes are centralized in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal. They are located close to the portages of entries. All the lymph nodes are routed through the right lymphatic duct or on the left side which is the left thoracic duct.
They are an important part of the immune system because the lymph nodes contain white body cells. When the lymph nodes become enlarged or inflamed, the conditions that this can cause can be anything from a throat infection to cancer. The lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and is divided into the outer cortex and inner medulla. Inside the lymph node, a mesh like work called RN (Reticular Network) supports the node. Not only does this mesh work support but it also provides adhesion to the cells inside.The lymph nodes allow the exchange of material with the blood.

Heart

The heart is the size of a fist. The outer most layer is the fibrous layer, then there is a parental layer. The parental layer processes water, lubricating fluid, and percordial fluid. The inner most visceral layer is thin and delicate. There are three layers of the heart are endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. The endocardium consists of simple squamous epi. The myocardium is the cardiac muscle. Finally the epicardium is areolar connective tissue.
The SA node is the pacer maker cells it is located on the back of the heart. The AV node is on the front of the heart. Sodium Ions cause electrical chargers that open up the calcium ions that cause the heart muscles to contract. The purkinje fibers is where the electricity goes.
The P wave represents depolarization in the right and left atrium muscle cells. QRS represents depolarization of the ventricles. The T wave is the re polarization of the ventricles.

Blood

There are four different blood types, A, B, AB, and O. Type A has A antigens, that are lollslipop shaped antigens all over it. These antigens produce B antibodies. Type B's antigens are cone shaped and produce A antibodies. Blood type AB has both shaped antigens, and does not produce any antibodies. Type O blood does not have any antigens and produces both A and B antibodies. The RH factor has a spring shaped figures on them and can be traced back to the Rhesus Monkey. A RH factor is an antigen.
If a women has a negative RH factor and she has a kid that has a positive RH factor or has a blood transfusion that has a postitive RH factor, then the mother's body will build up antibodies against the positive RH factor. The women must have a shot within the first ten days of being exposed the the postive RH factor blood. If she does not get a shot within the first ten days then she will build up antibodies against the positive RH factor that she will never get rid of. If she does not get the shot and decides to have another kid, if the kid has a positive RH factor, then the mother's antibodies will attack the baby's hemoglobin and suffocate the baby causing a miscarriage or a mental disability.

Male and Female Hormones

Both sexes have testosterone and estrogen, however men and women have more of one than the other.Men have a hormone known as testosterone and women have a hormone known as estrogen. Both sexes are impacted differently by the hormones in there body. Testosterone is a sex hormone that is secreted by the testicles of men and is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. Testosterone stimulates the development of male sex organs, sperm, and finally secondary sexual traits. Testosterone helps in the growth of muscle mass, strength, the increase in bone density, and the stimulation of linear growth and bone maturation. After puberty testosterone triggers the growth of hair and deepening of the voice. Estrogen is the hormone that is in the ovaries of females. Estrogen is a group of steroid compounds. Estrogen helps the development of the female secondary sex characteristics such as breasts. It also helps regulate the menstrual cycle. Estrogen is in oral contraceptives.
These hormones are in everyone, but testosterone is known as the male hormone and estrogen is known as the female hormone. These hormones affect the your body everyday and everyone needs to have a certain amount in their system. Once an individual hits puberty their amount of each hormone rises.

Anterior Pituitary

The Pituitary gland is a small cherry-shaped structure and is attached to the base of the brain. The anterior pituitary is divided into three parts distal part, tubular part, and intermediate part. The distal part is the majority of the pituitary. The tubular part is a sheath that extends from the distal part to the pituitary stalk. The intermediate part sits between the bulk of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary and is often very small in humans. The pituitary controls the secretion of certain hormones. The hormone that are controlled by the anterior pituitary are human growth hormone (hGH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL), and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH). HGH is secreted by Somatotrophs, the releasing Hormone is the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and HGH is inhibited by the growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH). TSH is secreted by thyrotroph, the releasing hormone is the Throtropin releasing hormone (TRH) and the inhibiting hormone is (GHIH). The FSH, and LH are all secreted by Gonadotrophs and the releasing hormone is the Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). The PRL is screted by Lactotrophs, the releasing hormone is the prolactin releasing hormone (PRH), and the inhibiting hormone is the prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH). The ACTH is secreted by Corticotrophs and the releasing hormone is the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH).

The Eyeball

There are three layers of the eyeball. The three layers are the sclera, the choroid, and the retina. The layers can also be called tunics, but if they are called tunics they are known as the fibrous, the pigmented, and the visual. The fibrous, sclera, choroid and the pigmented are vascular; and the retina and visual are not vascular. The white part of the eye is known as the sclera. Calogen gives the sclera the white color.
The autonomic nervous system regulates the pupil's diameter. The parasympathetic nerve impulse causes the circular muscles to contract which allows less light to enter the eye. The sympathetic nerve impulse causes the muscles to dilate, allowing more light in.
The cornea has no blood vessels. The lens are made up of protein.The fovea is the focus point in the eye. Since the lens are concave as well as the cornea, the ligaments attached to the lens tighten in order to make the lens flat and loosen in order to allow the lens to be more concave. This ability helps make the object you are seeing clear.

Nerves

There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. Cranial nerves eight and twelve are only carry afferent impulses.Olfactory nerves relay information from high in the nasal cavity. When the brain is removed the olfactory lobe on the brain gets ripped off. The olfactory foramina is where the nerves go through cranial nerve I. The ganglion is a collection of cell bodies outside the central nervous system. A cell body found inside the central nervous system is a nucleus cell. Cervical three, four, and five stimulates the breathing, they go through thoracic diagram to keep your negative and positive pressure.The median nerve controls your thumb and if it is severed you will never be able to use it again.The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body it controls the back muscles of the legs.
The muscles of the eyeball stimulate the oculomotor nerves, trochlear nerves, and abducens. The trochlear nerve is the central nerve number four. The central nerve VI is the abducens it is a motor nerve, sends efferent impulses. The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique. The ascending oblique attaches and connects to the lateral rectus. Nerve three, four, and six all pass through the superior orbital fissure. There are two parts to the autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. The parasympathetic nerves system stimulates the muscles of the eyeball that cause the eyeball to constrict. The sympathetic nerves system stimalates the muscles of the eye to dilate.

The Circle of Willis and Cranial Nerves

The Circle of Willis is a ring of arteries at the base of the brain. The Circle of Willis contains five aortic archs, there is the posterior communicating, posterior cerebral,middle cerebal, anterior cerebral, and anterior communicating. It is the brains major blood flow and has two main arteries. The Circle of Willis has a backup artery in case one artery gets clogged and the other one will flow.
There are twelve pairs of Cranial Nerves. The twelve pairs are known as Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens, Trigeminal, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal, and Hypoglossal. Three of the pairs of nerves are consider sensory: Olfactory, Optic, and Vestibulocochlear. The rest of the nerves are considered mixed. The mixed nerves have a sensory portion and motor portion, these mixed nerves have the sensory and motor part mixed together.

The Brain and the Spinal Cord

There are three types of Dura, the epidural space, dura mater, and subdural space. The epidural space is the space external to the sac of the spinal dura mater within the vertebral canal. The dura mater is the outermost of the meningeal layers covering the brain and spinal cord. The dura has a hard leathery outside. The subdural space is a fluid-filled space or potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid. The arachnoid has no blood supplies and is web-like. The sub-arachnoid space is the cerebra spinal fluid.The pia mater is the delicate membrane that lies on surface of the brain and spinal cord.
Vessels are confluence like, two or more vessels will met and flow together with the same amount of blood. The vessels full of blood flow from the lungs where they become oxygenated to the left atrium to the bicuspid-mistral value. After the bicuspid-mistral value then to left ventricle to the semi lunar value then ascends to the aora then to the aortic arch. From the aortic arch the blood descends to the aorta.The blood also flows through the aortic arch to the right brachiocephalic to the right subclavian, and finally right common caryatid.

Metric Conversation, Some Neuroglial Cells

Schwanns Cells can wrap only one axon. Oligodendrocyte Cells can wrap many axons. Schwanns Cells go through the process of mitosis and produce many cells. This process of making Schwanns Cells will occur until the number of cells reaches the target cell. Schwanns cells are in the PNS, peripheral nervous system. Aster is star like and is the blood brain barrier. Astrocytes filter ammo acids. Astrocytes have a lot of rough and smooth er. Capillaries have the smallest diameter. They have simple squamous epitheliums.
When doing metric conversations, the trick is to remember that there are many steps that need to be done. When going from ounces to grams, you need to go from ounces to pounds to grams. There is no straight conversation from ounces to grams. There are many conversations that need to be done with multiply steps, they are the ones that go from one unit of measurement to another.

Neurons

There are many parts to a neuron. The cell body is called the soma. Inside the cell body is where the nucleus is. On the edges of the soma, there are objects that look like tree branches from a truck those are called dendrites. The dendrites are known as neurotransmitters. They collect information and send it through the body of the neuron and down the axon, which is covered with a myelin sheath, to the terminal button. The information travels from the terminal buttons of one neuron across a space known as a synapse to the dendrites of another neuron.
The neurons can be in three stages one is known as resting potential which is when the neuron is inactive or resting. Another stage is the action potential which is when the neurons is actively firing the messages through the axon to pass the message on. The last one is the local potential which is the graded potential receptor.
Channels have gates that are closed at a resting state, sodium ions that are positively charged move inward. The sodium channels are the first int the depolarization phase. Then the potassium channels open , allowing the potassium to flow out, producing repolarizing phase. Together the depolarization and repolarization phase last about one millisecond in a normal neuron.